Are Carrots and Ginger in the Same Family

Family unit of flowering plants

Apiaceae
Apiaceae: Apium leaves and tiny inflorescences, Daucus habit, Foeniculum inflorescences, Eryngium inflorescences, Petroselinum root.
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Society:	Apiales
Family:	Apiaceae Lindl.
Type genus
Apium Fifty.
Subfamilies
Mackinlayoideae Plunkett & Lowry Azorelloideae Plunkett & Lowry Saniculoideae Burnett Apioideae Seem.
Synonyms
Umbelliferae

Apiaceae or Umbelliferae is a family unit of more often than not aromatic flowering plants named subsequently the blazon genus Apium and normally known as the celery, carrot or parsley family, or simply every bit umbellifers. Information technology is the 16th-largest family of flowering plants, with more than 3,700 species in 434 genera^[1] including such well-known and economically important plants such equally ajwain, angelica, anise, asafoetida, caraway, carrot, celery, chervil, coriander, cumin, dill, fennel, lovage, cow parsley, parsley, parsnip and sea holly, as well as silphium, a plant whose identity is unclear and which may be extinct.^[2]

The family Apiaceae includes a significant number of phototoxic species, such equally behemothic hogweed, and a smaller number of highly poisonous species, such every bit poison hemlock, h2o hemlock, spotted cowbane, fool's parsley, and various species of water dropwort.

Clarification [edit]

Most Apiaceae are almanac, biennial or perennial herbs (frequently with the leaves aggregated toward the base of operations), though a minority are woody shrubs or modest trees such equally Bupleurum fruticosum.^{[3] : 35} Their leaves are of variable size and alternately arranged, or with the upper leaves condign nearly opposite. The leaves may be petiolate or sessile. There are no stipules merely the petioles are frequently sheathing and the leaves may be perfoliate. The leaf blade is usually dissected, ternate, or pinnatifid, just elementary and entire in some genera, due east.g. Bupleurum.^[4] Commonly, their leaves emit a marked smell when crushed, aromatic to foetid, but absent in some species.

The defining characteristic of this family unit is the inflorescence, the flowers nearly always aggregated in terminal umbels, that may be simple or more than commonly compound, often umbelliform cymes. The flowers are usually perfect (hermaphroditic) and actinomorphic, but there may exist zygomorphic flowers at the edge of the umbel, as in carrot (Daucus carota) and coriander, with petals of unequal size, the ones pointing outward from the umbel larger than the ones pointing in. Some are andromonoecious, polygamomonoecious, or even dioecious (as in Acronema), with a distinct calyx and corolla, but the calyx is often highly reduced, to the point of beingness undetectable in many species, while the corolla can be white, yellow, pink or purple. The flowers are nearly perfectly pentamerous, with five petals and v stamens.^[five] In that location is frequently variation in the functionality of the stamens fifty-fifty within a single inflorescence. Some flowers are functionally staminate (where a pistil may exist nowadays but has no ovules capable of existence fertilized) while others are functionally pistillate (where stamens are nowadays but their anthers practise non produce viable pollen). Pollination of one flower by the pollen of a different bloom of the aforementioned plant (geitonogamy) is common. The gynoecium consists of two carpels fused into a single, bicarpellate pistil with an inferior ovary.^[five] Stylopodia support two styles and secrete nectar, attracting pollinators similar flies, mosquitoes, gnats, beetles, moths, and bees. The fruit is a schizocarp consisting of two fused carpels that separate at maturity into two mericarps, each containing a unmarried seed. The fruits of many species are dispersed by air current simply others such every bit those of Daucus spp., are covered in bristles, which may exist hooked in sanicle Sanicula europaea ^[three] and thus catch in the fur of animals. The seeds have an oily endosperm^{[6] [7]} and oft contain essential oils, containing aromatic compounds that are responsible for the season of commercially important umbelliferous seed such equally anise, cumin and coriander. The shape and details of the decoration of the ripe fruits are of import for identification to species level.^{[4] : 802}

Taxonomy [edit]

Apiaceae was first described past John Lindley in 1836.^[viii] The proper name is derived from the type genus Apium, which was originally used by Pliny the Elderberry circa fifty Advert for a celery-like plant.^[9] The culling proper noun for the family unit, Umbelliferae, derives from the inflorescence beingness generally in the class of a compound umbel. The family unit was one of the first to be recognized equally a distinct grouping in Jacques Daleschamps' 1586 Historia generalis plantarum. With Robert Morison's 1672 Plantarum umbelliferarum distribution nova information technology became the first group of plants for which a systematic written report was published.

The family is solidly placed within the Apiales order in the APG III arrangement. It is closely related to Araliaceae and the boundaries betwixt these families remain unclear. Traditionally groups within the family have been delimited largely based on fruit morphology, and the results from this take not been coinciding with the more recent molecular phylogenetic analyses. The subfamilial and tribal classification for the family unit is currently in a state of flux, with many of the groups being found to be grossly paraphyletic or polyphyletic.^[1]

Full general [edit]

Co-ordinate to the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website as of July 2014^[update], 434 genera are in the family Apiaceae.^[1]

• 

• 

  Anise (Pimpinella anisum)
  from Woodville (1793)^[x]

• 

Ecology [edit]

The blackness swallowtail butterfly, Papilio polyxenes, uses the family unit Apiaceae for nutrient and host plants for oviposition.^[xi] The 22-spot ladybird is also commonly found eating mildew on these shrubs.^[12]

Uses [edit]

Many members of this family are cultivated for various purposes. Parsnip (Pastinaca sativa), carrot (Daucus carota) and Hamburg parsley (Petroselinum crispum) produce tap roots that are large enough to be useful equally food. Many species produce essential oils in their leaves or fruits and as a outcome are flavourful aromatic herbs. Examples are parsley (Petroselinum crispum), coriander (Coriandrum sativum), culantro, and dill (Anethum graveolens). The seeds may be used in cuisine, as with coriander (Coriandrum sativum), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), cumin (Cuminum cyminum), and caraway (Carum carvi).

Other notable cultivated Apiaceae include chervil (Anthriscus cerefolium), angelica (Angelica spp.), celery (Apium graveolens), arracacha (Arracacia xanthorrhiza), ocean holly (Eryngium spp.), asafoetida (Ferula asafoetida), galbanum (Ferula gummosa), cicely (Myrrhis odorata), anise (Pimpinella anisum), lovage (Levisticum officinale), and hacquetia (Hacquetia epipactis).^[six]

Cultivation [edit]

Generally, all members of this family are best cultivated in the cool-season garden; indeed, they may not grow at all if the soils are too warm. Virtually every widely cultivated constitute of this grouping is a considered useful every bit a companion institute. 1 reason is because the tiny flowers clustered into umbels, are well suited for ladybugs, parasitic wasps, and predatory flies, which really drink nectar when not reproducing. They then prey upon insect pests on nearby plants. Some of the members of this family considered "herbs" produce scents that are believed to ...mask the odours of nearby plants, thus making them harder for insect pests to notice.

Other uses [edit]

The poisonous members of the Apiaceae have been used for a diverseness of purposes globally. The poisonous Oenanthe crocata has been used to stupefy fish, Cicuta douglasii has been used as an aid in suicides, and arrow poisons have been made from diverse other family species.

Daucus carota has been used every bit coloring for butter^{[ citation needed ]}.

Dorema ammoniacum, Ferula galbaniflua, and Ferula moschata (sumbul) are sources of incense.

The woody Azorella compacta Phil. has been used in Southward America for fuel.

Toxicity [edit]

Many species in the family Apiaceae produce phototoxic substances (called furanocoumarins) that sensitize human pare to sunlight. Contact with plant parts that contain furanocoumarins, followed by exposure to sunlight, may cause phytophotodermatitis,^{[13] [fourteen]} a serious pare inflammation. Phototoxic species include Ammi majus, Notobubon galbanum, the parsnip (Pastinaca sativa) and numerous species of the genus Heracleum, especially the giant hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum). Of all the found species that have been reported to induce phytophotodermatitis, approximately one-half belong to the family Apiaceae.^[xv]

The family Apiaceae also includes a smaller number of poisonous species, including poison hemlock, water hemlock, spotted cowbane, fool's parsley, and various species of water dropwort.

Some members of the family Apiaceae, including carrot, celery, fennel, parsley and parsnip, incorporate polyynes, an unusual class of organic compounds that exhibit cytotoxic furnishings.^{[16] [17]}

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b c} Stevens, P.F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version nine, June 2008.
2. ^ Gorvett, Zaria. "The mystery of the lost Roman herb". Retrieved 4 June 2018.
3. ^ ^{a b} Heywood, V.H.; Brummitt, R.K.; Culham, A.; Seberg, O. (2007). Flowering plant families of the world. New York, U.S: Firefly books. ISBN9781554072064.
4. ^ ^{a b} Stace, C. A. (2010). New Flora of the British Isles (Third ed.). Cambridge, U.Chiliad.: Cambridge Academy Press. p. 88. ISBN9780521707725.
5. ^ ^{a b} Taylor, Ronald J. (1994) [1992]. Sagebrush Country: A Wildflower Sanctuary (rev. ed.). Missoula, MT: Mountain Press Pub. Co. p. 94. ISBN0-87842-280-3. OCLC 25708726.
6. ^ ^{a b} Watson, L., Dallwitz, M.J. (1992 onwards) The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval Archived 13 December 2010 at the Wayback Car. Version: four March 2011.
7. ^ She, M., Pu, F., Pan, Z., Watson, Chiliad., Cannon, J.F.Thou., Holmes-Smith, I., Kljuykov, E.V., Phillippe, L.R., Pimenov, Chiliad.G. (2005). "Apiaceae". Flora of China. 14: 1–205. {{cite periodical}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
8. ^ Lindley, J. (1836) An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany, 2d Edition. Longman, London.
9. ^ Michael G. Simpson (2010). Plant Systematics. Academic Press. ISBN978-0-12-374380-0.
10. ^ Woodville, W. (1793) Medical Botany. James Phillips, London.
11. ^ Hall, Donald W. 2011 "Featured Creatures - Eastern Black Swallowtail." Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida. http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/bfly/bfly2/eastern_black_swallowtail.htm#life
12. ^ Leafy Place (27 May 2021). "Types Of Ladybugs". leafy place. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
13. ^ Leonard, Jayne (19 August 2017). "Phytophotodermatitis: When plants and low-cal impact the skin". Medical News Today . Retrieved viii August 2018.
14. ^ Davis, Dawn (12 Baronial 2011). "Lord's day-related Skin Status Triggered by Chemicals in Certain Plants, Fruits". Dermatology, Mayo Dispensary . Retrieved 8 August 2018.
15. ^ Pathak, One thousand. A.; Daniels Jr., Farrington; Fitzpatrick, T. B. (September 1962). "The Before long Known Distribution of Furocoumarins (Psoralens) in Plants". Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 39 (3): 225–239. doi:10.1038/jid.1962.106. PMID 13941836.
16. ^ C. Zidorn, K. Jöhrer, M. Ganzera, B. Schubert, Due east.M. Sigmund, J. Mader, R. Greil, E.P. Ellmerer and H. Stuppner (2005). "Polyacetylenes from the Apiaceae vegetables carrot, celery, fennel, parsley, and parsnip and their cytotoxic activities". Journal of Agronomical and Nutrient Chemistry. 53 (7): 2518–2523. doi:10.1021/jf048041s. PMID 15796588. {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
17. ^ Minto, Robert Due east.; Blacklock, Brenda J (2008). "Biosynthesis and office of polyacetylenes and centrolineal natural products". From Progress in Lipid Enquiry. 47 (4): 233–306. doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2008.02.002. PMC2515280. PMID 18387369.

Further reading [edit]

• Constance, L. (1971). "History of the classification of Umbelliferae (Apiaceae)." in Heywood, V. H. [ed.], The biological science and chemistry of the Umbelliferae, ane–11. Bookish Press, London.
• Cronquist, A. (1968). The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
• "Don't touch on these plants! Six lookalikes yous desire to avert". Medium. U.South. Fish & Wildlife Service. 19 July 2017. Retrieved 11 Baronial 2018.
• French, D. H. (1971). "Ethnobotany of the Umbelliferae." in Heywood, V. H. [ed.], The biology and chemistry of the Umbelliferae, 385–412. Bookish Press, London.
• Hegnauer, R. (1971) "Chemic Patterns and Relationships of Umbelliferae." in Heywood, Five. H. [ed.], The biological science and chemistry of the Umbelliferae, 267–277. Academic Press, London.
• Heywood, 5. H. (1971). "Systematic survey of Old World Umbelliferae." in Heywood, V. H. [ed.], The biological science and chemical science of the Umbelliferae, 31–41. Bookish Press, London.
• Judd, W. S. et al. (1999). Constitute Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, Inc.
• Plunkett, G. K.; Downie, S. R. (1999). "Major lineages within Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae: a comparison of chloroplast restriction site and DNA sequence information". American Journal of Botany. 86 (vii): 1014–1026. doi:10.2307/2656619. JSTOR 2656619. PMID 10406725. S2CID 38655452.
• Plunkett, 1000. K.; Soltis, D. Eastward.; Soltis, P. S. (1996). "College Level Relationships of Apiales (Apiaceae and Araliaceae) Based on Phylogenetic Assay of rbcL Sequences". American Journal of Phytology. 83 (iv): 499–515. doi:10.2307/2446219. JSTOR 2446219.
• Plunkett, G. Chiliad.; Soltis, D. Due east.; Soltis, P. Due south. (1996). "Evolutionary Patterns in Apiaceae: Inferences Based on matK Sequence Data". Systematic Botany. 21 (4): 477–495. doi:x.2307/2419610. JSTOR 2419610.
• Nieto Feliner, Gonzalo; Jury, Stephen Leonard & Herrero Nieto, Alberto (eds.) Flora iberica. Plantas vasculares de la Península Ibérica due east Islas Baleares. Vol. X. "Araliaceae-Umbelliferae" (2003) Madrid: Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC (in Spanish).
• Scavo, Tom (11 August 2011). "Wild Parsnip and Friends in Vermont". Green Mountain Order . Retrieved xi August 2018.

External links [edit]

• Media related to Apiaceae at Wikimedia Commons
• Umbelliferae at The Families of Flowering Plants (DELTA)
• Apiaceae at Find Life
• Umbellifer Resources Centre at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh
• Umbellifer Information Server at Moscow Country Academy

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apiaceae

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